「SHolroydAtWeilCornellMedQatar/Endocrinology/VasopressinADH/ControlToSweating」の版間の差分

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{{Point|Sweating will increase plasma osmolarity.  This will in turn lead to a increase in the synthesis, secretion and blood concentration of ADH.}}
{{Point|With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).}}


[[メディア:6-ADHcontrol-sweat.mp4|Video and audio instructions]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrolToSweatingEng.mp4|narrated video explanation]]


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[[ファイル:ADHbaseline.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrol-water-start.mp4|video prior to sweating]]<br>
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Prior to sweating we assume our subject is in homeostasis with normal plasma and urine osmolarities and volumes.
[[メディア:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.mp4|video before sweating]]<br>  
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Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.  
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrol-sweat-middle.mp4|video just after sweating]]<br>
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Steps 1 and 2: The subject sweated. Water will leave the plasma and its osmolarity will increase.  Sweating will increase, and the ADH/water channels/reabsorption of water by the kidney will decrease plasma osmolarity, having the opposite effect. Thus, in this case with high plasma osmolarity, the effect of ADH/water channels/reabsorption would be too little.
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-2Eng.mp4|video just after sweating]]<br>  
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Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic). <br>
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Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font> to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.  
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:WaterDuringADHcontrol.mp4|video just after ADH increased responding to sweating]]<br>
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Steps 3 and 4: With too little effect of ADH/water channels/reabsorption, the negative feedback increases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) ADH.  The ADH-facilitating effect on the water channels will increase, increasing the number of water channels. This increases the reabsorption of water by the kidney.
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-3Eng.mp4|video just after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by negative feedback]]<br>
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Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font>, the negative feedback <font color="#ff0000">increases (red)</font> (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH)<br>
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Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the water reabsorption from the tubule.
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrol-sweat-end.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after ADH increased responding to sweating]]<br>
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Step 5:  The ratio of Na+ to water reabsorption by the kidney decreases. This means plasma osmolarity decreases.  The increased plasma osmolarity from sweating will decrease returning to normal.  
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-4Eng.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in the reabsorption]]<br>
Because a lower ratio of Na+ is reabsorbed the fluid left in the tubule now has a higher osmolarity. The increase in the number of water channels increases water reabsorption so there is less water. So overall the urine becomes more concentrated and low volume.
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Step 5:  With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.
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{{QuizTitle}}
{{QuizTitle}}
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//LEVEL:2  
//LEVEL:2  
//RAND  
//RAND  
The negative feedback reaction to an increased sweating is a(n) {~=increase~decrease} of ADH secretion.
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).


//LEVEL:3  
//LEVEL:3  
//RAND  
//RAND  
The negative feedback reaction to an increased sweating is a(n) {~=increase~decrease} of aquaporin channels in the kidney.  
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}. This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma {~osmolarity-increasing~=osmolarity-decreasing} effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).  This will  {~increase~=decrease} plasma osmolarity (returning to isotonic).  


//LEVEL:2
//LEVEL:4
//RAND  
//RAND  
The negative feedback reaction to an increased sweating is a(n) {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption by the nephron.
With sweating, water {~enters~=leaves} the plasma and osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}.This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was {~too weak~=adequate~too strong} before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now {~too strong ~adequate~=too weak} to reverse the {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes {~=stronger~weaker}, which {~=increases~decreases} the number of water channels. With the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption from the tubule, {~concentrated ~=diluted} solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity from sweating, {~increasing ~=decreasing} it {~=towards~separate from} normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because {~concentrated~=diluted} solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has {~=an increased~a decreased} osmolarity. Also, with the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption, there is {~more~=less} water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes {~=concentrated~diluted} and {~increases~=decreases} in volume.


//LEVEL:3
</GIFT>
//RAND
The negative feedback reaction to an increased sweating is a(n) {increase~=decrease} in urine volume.
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
The negative feedback reaction to an increased sweating is a(n) {~=increase~decrease} of urine osmolarity.
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
The negative feedback reaction to an increased sweating is a(n) {increase~=decrease} of plasma osmolarity.
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
When you sweat the plasma osmolarity {decreases~=increases}.  This has the effect of {~=increasing~decreasing} the release ADH.  This in turn {~=increases~decreases} the production of aquaporins by the nephron causing {~=increased~decreased} water reabsorption. Urine osmolarity will {~=increase~decrease} while volume will {increase~=decrease}.  This will {~=decreasing~increasing} plasma osmolarity {~=returning to normal~separating from normal}.

2020年3月31日 (火) 11:37時点における最新版

POINT!

narrated video explanation

ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg

Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.


ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg

Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic).

Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too weak (blue) to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.





ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg

Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being too weak (blue), the negative feedback increases (red) (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).

Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the water reabsorption from the tubule.


ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg

Step 5: With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.


Challenge Quiz

1.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases decreases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).

2.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases decreases . This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-increasing osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). The negative feedback increases decreases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). This will increase decrease plasma osmolarity (returning to isotonic).

3.

With sweating, water enters leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases decreases .This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was too weak adequate too strong before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too strong adequate too weak to reverse the increased decreased plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback increases decreases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger weaker , which increases decreases the number of water channels. With the increase decrease in water reabsorption from the tubule, concentrated diluted solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in increased decreased plasma osmolarity from sweating, increasing decreasing it towards separate from normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because concentrated diluted solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has an increased a decreased osmolarity. Also, with the increase decrease in water reabsorption, there is more less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated diluted and increases decreases in volume.