「SHolroydAtWeilCornellMedQatar/Urology/Kidney/Tubules/WaterReabsorption/ControlToSweating」の版間の差分

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{{Point|With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases the water reabsorption. 発汗により血漿浸透圧が上昇すると、負のフィードバックは、尿細管からの水分再吸収を増加させる。}}
{{Point|With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases the water reabsorption. }}
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[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionSweatingControl-Eng.mp4|narrated video explanation]]
[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionSweatingControl-Eng.mp4|narrated video explanation]]
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[[ファイル:WaterReabsorptionBaseLine-Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:WaterReabsorptionSweatingBaseLine-Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
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[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionBaseLine-Eng.mp4|video prior to sweating]]<br>
[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionBaseLine-Eng.mp4|video prior to sweating]]<br>
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Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.発汗前(ベースライン)では恒常性が保たれていて、水分再吸収の血漿浸透圧低下作用は適度な強さであり、血漿浸透圧と尿浸透圧は正常(等張)、尿量も正常であるとしましょう。
Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of  
water reabsorption as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.
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Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic). <br>
Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic). <br>
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Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption. Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font> to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.  図の①:発汗により水分が血漿から出るため、血漿浸透圧が上昇し(濃く、高張になり)ます。<br>
Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption. Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font> to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.   
図の②:これは、水分再吸収の血漿浸透圧低下作用と逆の方向です。そのため、水分再吸収の血漿浸透圧低下作用の強さは、発汗前(ベースライン)では適度でしたが、発汗により上昇した(濃く、高張になった)血漿浸透圧を戻すためにはその強さでは<font color="#00f">不足(青)</font>となります。負のフィードバックによる調節が必要です。
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[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionSweating4-Eng.mp4|video just after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by sweating]]<br>
[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionSweating4-Eng.mp4|video just after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by sweating]]<br>
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Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption  before sweating (at baseline) being <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font>, the negative feedback <font color="#ff0000">increases (red)</font> the water reabsorption.図の③:水分再吸収の血漿浸透圧低下作用が発汗前(ベースライン)の強さでは<font color="#00f">不足(青)</font>なので、負のフィードバックが水分再吸収を<font color="#ff0000">増加(赤)</font>させます。<br>
Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption  before sweating (at baseline) being <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font>, the negative feedback <font color="#ff0000">increases (red)</font> the water reabsorption.<br>
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[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionSweating5-Eng.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by sweating]]<br>
[[メディア:WaterReabsorptionSweating5-Eng.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by sweating]]<br>
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Step 4:  With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.図の④:水分再吸収が増加し、薄い溶液(低張液)が血漿に入ります。発汗により上昇した(濃く、高張になった)血漿浸透圧は、発汗前の正常な(ベースラインの)浸透圧(等張)へ向けて低下します。<br>
Step 4:  With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.<br>
再吸収で薄い溶液(低張液)が尿細管から出るため、残る液の浸透圧は上昇し(濃く、高張になり)ます。水分再吸収も増加するため、尿細管に残る水分は減少します。つまり尿は濃く、少量になります。
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//LEVEL:2  
//LEVEL:2  
//RAND  
//RAND  
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  the water reabsorption. 発汗により血漿浸透圧が上昇すると、負のフィードバックは、尿細管からの水分再吸収を {~=増加~減少} させる。
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  the water reabsorption from the tubule.  
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}. This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma {~osmolarity-increasing~=osmolarity-decreasing} effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule. The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} the water reabsoprtion from the tubule.  This will  {~increase~=decrease} plasma osmolarity (towards isotonic).


//LEVEL:4  
//LEVEL:4  
//RAND  
//RAND  
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}. This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma {~osmolarity-increasing~=osmolarity-decreasing} effect of the reabsorption from the tubule. The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} the water reabsoption from the tubule. Urine volume will {~increase~=decrease}, while urine osmolarity will {~=increase~decrease}. This will  {~increase~=decrease} plasma osmolarity (towards isotonic). 発汗により血漿浸透圧は {=上昇~低下}する。これは、腎臓/尿細管からの水分再吸収の血漿浸透圧{~上昇~=低下}作用と {~同じ~=逆の}方向であり、負のフィードバックは尿細管からの水分再吸収を {=増加~減少}させる。これは尿量を {~増加~=減少}させ、尿浸透圧を {=上昇~低下}させ、血漿浸透圧を(等張へ向けて) {~上昇~=低下}させる。
With sweating, water {~enters~=leaves} the plasma and osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}.This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption . Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption was {~too weak~=adequate~too strong} before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now {~too strong ~adequate~=too weak} to reverse the {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} water reabsorption from the tubule. Thus, {~concentrated ~=diluted} solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity from sweating, {~increasing ~=decreasing} it {~=towards~separate from} normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because {~concentrated~=diluted} solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has {~=an increased~a decreased} osmolarity. Also, with the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption, there is {~more~=less} water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes {~=concentrated~diluted} and {~increases~=decreases} in volume.
 
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2020年3月31日 (火) 10:17時点における最新版

POINT!
WaterReabsorptionSweatingBaseLine-Eng.jpg

Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.

WaterReabsorptionSweating2-Eng.jpg

Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic).

Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption. Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too weak (blue) to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.





WaterReabsorptionSweating4-Eng.jpg

Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption before sweating (at baseline) being too weak (blue), the negative feedback increases (red) the water reabsorption.

WaterReabsorptionSweating5-Eng.jpg

Step 4: With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.

Challenge Quiz

1.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases decreases the water reabsorption from the tubule.

2.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases decreases . This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-increasing osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule. The negative feedback increases decreases the water reabsoprtion from the tubule. This will increase decrease plasma osmolarity (towards isotonic).

3.

With sweating, water enters leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases decreases .This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption . Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption was too weak adequate too strong before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too strong adequate too weak to reverse the increased decreased plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback increases decreases water reabsorption from the tubule. Thus, concentrated diluted solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in increased decreased plasma osmolarity from sweating, increasing decreasing it towards separate from normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because concentrated diluted solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has an increased a decreased osmolarity. Also, with the increase decrease in water reabsorption, there is more less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated diluted and increases decreases in volume.