「SHolroydAtWeilCornellMedQatar/Endocrinology/VasopressinADH/ControlToSweating」の版間の差分

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{{Point|With sweating the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).}}
{{Point|With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).}}


[[メディア:ADHsweatingnarrated.mp4|narrated video explanation]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrolToSweatingEng.mp4|narrated video explanation]]


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[[ファイル:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
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[[メディア:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.mp4|video before sweating]]<br>  
[[メディア:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.mp4|video before sweating]]<br>  
Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.  
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Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.  
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
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[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-2Eng.mp4|video just after sweating]]<br>  
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-2Eng.mp4|video just after sweating]]<br>  
Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (becomes hypertonic). <br>
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Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic). <br>
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Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font> to reverse the high plasma osmolarity (hypertonic plasma) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.  
Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font> to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.  
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-3Eng.mp4|video just after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by sweating]]<br>
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Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font>, the negative feedback <font color="#ff0000">increases (red)</font> (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).  <br>
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-3Eng.mp4|video just after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by negative feedback]]<br>
-->
Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font>, the negative feedback <font color="#ff0000">increases (red)</font> (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).  <br>
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Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the reabsorption of water by the kidney.
Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the water reabsorption from the tubule.
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
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[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-4Eng.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in the reabsorption]]<br>  
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-4Eng.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in the reabsorption]]<br>  
Step 5:  With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This decreases plasma osmolarity. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity from sweating (hypertonic plasma), decreasing it towards normal (baseline) osmolarity (isotonic plasma). Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has a higher osmolarity (hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes more concentrated (hypertonic) and lower in volume.
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Step 5:  With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.
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//LEVEL:2  
//LEVEL:2  
//RAND  
//RAND  
With sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of  vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of  vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).


//LEVEL:3  
//LEVEL:3  
//RAND  
//RAND  
With sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} the number of water channels in the kidney.  
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}. This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma {~osmolarity-increasing~=osmolarity-decreasing} effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).  This will  {~increase~=decrease} plasma osmolarity (returning to isotonic).  


//LEVEL:2
//LEVEL:4
//RAND
With sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  water reabsorption by the kidney.
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
With sweating, negative feedback {increases~=decreases}  urine volume.
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
With sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  urine osmolarity.
 
//LEVEL:3
//RAND  
//RAND  
With sweating, negative feedback {increases~=decreases} plasma osmolarity.
With sweating, water {~enters~=leaves} the plasma and osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}.This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was {~too weak~=adequate~too strong} before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now {~too strong ~adequate~=too weak} to reverse the {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes {~=stronger~weaker}, which {~=increases~decreases} the number of water channels. With the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption from the tubule, {~concentrated ~=diluted} solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity from sweating, {~increasing ~=decreasing} it {~=towards~separate from} normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because {~concentrated~=diluted} solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has {~=an increased~a decreased} osmolarity. Also, with the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption, there is {~more~=less} water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes {~=concentrated~diluted} and {~increases~=decreases} in volume.


//LEVEL:3
//RAND
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity {decreases~=increases}.  This is in the {same direction as~=opposite direction to} the {plasma osmolarity-increasing~=plasma osmolarity-decreasing} effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH).  The effect of the reabsorption would be {~=too weak~too strong} without control by negative feedback.  Negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).  This in turn {~=increases~decreases} the number of water channels in the kidney causing {~=increased~decreased} water reabsorption.  The urine becomes more {~=concentrated~diluted} and {higher~=lower}in volume.  This {~=decreases~increases} plasma osmolarity, {~=returning to normal~separating from normal}.
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2020年3月31日 (火) 11:37時点における最新版

POINT!

narrated video explanation

ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg

Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.


ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg

Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic).

Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too weak (blue) to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.





ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg

Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being too weak (blue), the negative feedback increases (red) (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).

Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the water reabsorption from the tubule.


ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg

Step 5: With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.


Challenge Quiz

1.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases decreases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).

2.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases decreases . This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-increasing osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). The negative feedback increases decreases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). This will increase decrease plasma osmolarity (returning to isotonic).

3.

With sweating, water enters leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases decreases .This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was too weak adequate too strong before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too strong adequate too weak to reverse the increased decreased plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback increases decreases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger weaker , which increases decreases the number of water channels. With the increase decrease in water reabsorption from the tubule, concentrated diluted solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in increased decreased plasma osmolarity from sweating, increasing decreasing it towards separate from normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because concentrated diluted solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has an increased a decreased osmolarity. Also, with the increase decrease in water reabsorption, there is more less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated diluted and increases decreases in volume.