「SHolroydAtWeilCornellMedQatar/Endocrinology/VasopressinADH/ControlToSweating」の版間の差分

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{{Point|Following sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback decreases (synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) ADH.}}
{{Point|With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).}}


[[メディア:6-ADHcontrol-sweat.mp4|narrated video explanation]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrolToSweatingEng.mp4|narrated video explanation]]


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[[ファイル:ADHbaseline.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrol-water-start.mp4|video prior to sweating]]<br>
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Prior to sweating (at baseline), we assume the subject is in homeostasis with normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and volumes.
[[メディア:ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.mp4|video before sweating]]<br>  
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Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.  
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrol-sweat-middle.mp4|video just after sweating]]<br>
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Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (becomes hypertonic).<br>
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-2Eng.mp4|video just after sweating]]<br>
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Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic). <br>
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Step 2: ADH, water channels, and reabsorption of water by the kidney decreases plasma osmolarity, having the opposite effect of sweating. Thus, with high plasma osmolarity following sweating (hypertonic plasma), the baseline plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect level of ADH, water channels, and reabsorption would be too little.   Control by negative feedback is needed.
Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font> to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.  
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:WaterDuringADHcontrol.mp4|video just after the increase in ADH following sweating]]<br>
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Step 3: With the baseline effect level of ADH, water channels, and reabsorption being too little, the negative feedback increases (synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) ADH.<br>
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-3Eng.mp4|video just after the increase in vasopressin (ADH) caused by negative feedback]]<br>
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Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being <font color="#00f">too weak (blue)</font>, the negative feedback <font color="#ff0000">increases (red)</font> (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). <br>
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Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of ADH increases, thereby increasing the number of water channels. This increases the reabsorption of water by the kidney.  
Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the water reabsorption from the tubule.
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[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[ファイル:ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg|left|500px]]
[[メディア:ADHcontrol-sweat-end.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in ADH caused by sweating]]<br>
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Step 5:  The ratio of Na<sup>+</sup> to water entering the plasma because of reabsorption decreases, decreasing plasma osmolarity. Briefly, the increased plasma osmolarity from sweating (hypertonic plasma) decreases and returns towards normal osmolarity (isotonic) at baseline. Because a lower ratio of Na<sup>+</sup> to water is reabsorbed from the tubule, the fluid remaining has a higher osmolarity (hypertonic). Also, with increase in water reabsorption, there is less water. Overall, the urine becomes more concentrated (hypertonic) and lower in volume.
[[メディア:ADHsweatControl-4Eng.mp4|video showing the changes in plasma and urine after the increase in the reabsorption]]<br>
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Step 5:  With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.
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{{QuizTitle}}
{{QuizTitle}}
39行目: 54行目:
//LEVEL:2  
//LEVEL:2  
//RAND  
//RAND  
Following sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) ADH.
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).


//LEVEL:3  
//LEVEL:3  
//RAND  
//RAND  
Following sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  water channels in the kidney.  
With sweating, the plasma osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}. This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma {~osmolarity-increasing~=osmolarity-decreasing} effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). This will  {~increase~=decrease} plasma osmolarity (returning to isotonic).  


//LEVEL:2
//LEVEL:4
//RAND  
//RAND  
Following sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} water reabsorption by the kidney.
With sweating, water {~enters~=leaves} the plasma and osmolarity {~=increases~decreases}.This is in the {~same direction as~=opposite direction to} the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was {~too weak~=adequate~too strong} before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now {~too strong ~adequate~=too weak} to reverse the {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes {~=stronger~weaker}, which {~=increases~decreases} the number of water channels. With the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption from the tubule, {~concentrated ~=diluted} solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in {~=increased~decreased} plasma osmolarity from sweating, {~increasing ~=decreasing} it {~=towards~separate from} normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because {~concentrated~=diluted} solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has {~=an increased~a decreased} osmolarity. Also, with the {~=increase~decrease} in water reabsorption, there is {~more~=less} water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes {~=concentrated~diluted} and {~increases~=decreases} in volume.


//LEVEL:3
//RAND
Following sweating, negative feedback {increases~=decreases}  urine volume.
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
Following sweating, negative feedback {~=increases~decreases}  urine osmolarity.
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
Following sweating, negative feedback {increases~=decreases}  plasma osmolarity.
//LEVEL:3
//RAND
Following sweating, the plasma osmolarity {decreases~=increases}.  The effect would be the {=same as~opposite to} that of ADH, water channels and reabsorption of water by the kidney, which {=decreases~increases} plasma osmolarity.  The effect of (synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) ADH would be {=too little~too much} prior to control by negative feedback.  Negative feedback {~=increases~decreases} (synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) ADH.  This in turn {~=increases~decreases} the number of water channels in the kidney causing {~=increased~decreased} water reabsorption. Urine osmolarity {~=increases~decreases} while volume {increases~=decreases}.  This {~=decreases~increases} plasma osmolarity, {~=returning to normal~separating from normal}.
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2020年3月31日 (火) 11:37時点における最新版

POINT!

narrated video explanation

ADHbeforeSweating-Eng.jpg

Before sweating (at baseline), we will make the assumption that the subject is in homeostasis with adequate strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) as well as normal plasma and urine osmolarities (isotonic) and urine volume.


ADHControlToSweating1Eng.jpg

Step 1: With sweating, water leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases (concentrated, hypertonic).

Step 2: This is in the opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was adequate before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too weak (blue) to reverse the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating. Control by negative feedback is needed.





ADHControlToSweating2Eng.jpg

Step 3: With the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) before sweating (at baseline) being too weak (blue), the negative feedback increases (red) (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH).

Step 4: The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger, which increases the number of water channels. This increases the water reabsorption from the tubule.


ADHControlToSweating3Eng.jpg

Step 5: With the increase in water reabsorption, diluted (hypotonic) solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in the increased plasma osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic) produced by sweating, decreasing it towards normal (baseline, isotonic) osmolarity. Because diluted (hypotonic) solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has increased osmolarity (concentrated, hypertonic). Also, with the increase in water reabsorption, there is less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated and decreases in volume.


Challenge Quiz

1.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases, and negative feedback increases decreases the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).

2.

With sweating, the plasma osmolarity increases decreases . This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-increasing osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption from the tubule (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). The negative feedback increases decreases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). This will increase decrease plasma osmolarity (returning to isotonic).

3.

With sweating, water enters leaves the plasma and osmolarity increases decreases .This is in the same direction as opposite direction to the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of the water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH). Thus, although the strength of the plasma osmolarity-decreasing effect of water reabsorption (through the water channels, which are increased by vasopressin, ADH) was too weak adequate too strong before sweating (at baseline), this strength is now too strong adequate too weak to reverse the increased decreased plasma osmolarity produced by sweating. The negative feedback increases decreases (the synthesis, secretion, and blood concentration of) vasopressin (ADH). The water channel-increasing effect of vasopressin (ADH) becomes stronger weaker , which increases decreases the number of water channels. With the increase decrease in water reabsorption from the tubule, concentrated diluted solution enters the plasma. This will lead to a reverse in increased decreased plasma osmolarity from sweating, increasing decreasing it towards separate from normal (baseline) osmolarity. Because concentrated diluted solution leaves the tubule due to reabsorption, the fluid remaining in the tubule has an increased a decreased osmolarity. Also, with the increase decrease in water reabsorption, there is more less water remaining in the tubule. Overall, the urine becomes concentrated diluted and increases decreases in volume.